Focused Interaction in Behavior in Public Places (1963) Free Essay Example, 1250 words

Focussed Interaction in Behavior in Public Place(1963) Introduction Erving Goffman (June 11, 1992 – Nov 19,1982) was the important sociologist and intellectual in the twentieth century. Born in Canada, Goffman developed his intellectual interest in the humanities and social sciences. Goffman was influenced by George Herbert, Herbert Blumer and Mead as well in his sociological studies. He was selected as the73rd president of American Sociological Association and in 2007 Goffman was termed as the 6th most – referred intellectual in the humanities and social sciences. Focussed Interaction Goffmans greatest contribution to social theory is symbolic interaction. The main emphasis of his work was society acting on different settings and contexts. The main focus of his work was the everyday behavior and interaction of people. If life is theater, people have to perform in different settings. Fact to face interaction happens in gathering on any occasion where two or more people present. Goffman preferred that face to face interaction should be regarded as a separate branch of sociology and called this study as the interaction order. The study was designed to understand every occasion of face to face interaction which covers a wide gamut of places like restaurants gatherings on special occasion and public places and private parties etc. We will write a custom essay sample on Focused Interaction in Behavior in Public Places (1963) or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now For all practical purposes, face to face interaction requires gathering or any occasion where people are co- present with one another. And whenever people are co-present they act as a source of information for one another. For all the co-presence there are distinctive types of communication patterns. These communication patterns or informations are focussed when all the attention converges on one point or become unfocussed when it is not. Focussed interaction happens when people mutually engage in communication required for the activity. Participants in focused interactions usually engage in interchange which requires some system requirements and ‘ritual requirements. Territories of the Self In Relations in Public Micro studies of the Public Order. (Goffman E 1971 Basic Books New York). Goffman explains how people use their territories while behaving in public spaces and places. The term territory denotes the places and spaces or objects possessed or occupied by a group of persons or individuals. According to Goffman these territories are delineated by markers referred as central markers, boundary markers and ear markers.

Summary Of An Inner Soldier - 970 Words

An Inner Soldier A chrysanthemum is a small and fragile flower on the outside, but it symbolizes optimism and joy. So, a steel chrysanthemum illustrates someone who seems unobtrusive, but has a positive outlook on every situation no matter how harsh the circumstances. Imagine a quiet and humble man who has a lovely family, and is doing well financially. One day he loses all his wealth and family, and is diagnosed with a terrible sickness. At this point he has no reason to live anymore, because he is struggling in poor living conditions and lost the most important people in his life. Instead of giving up and choosing to end his misery, he decides to fight back and views his situation with a positive mindset. This man is a steel chrysanthemum, because though he may seem feeble he actually has a steel core within him. In the short story Kokoro, Yasako is put into many unfavorable situations. However, she is able to overcome all hardships by having faith and trusting in herself, and maki ng wise decisions that benefits her in the future. Although in many cases Yasako is shown to be a weak character, she actually has a steel core inside. She does not focus on the past, but always looks ahead, perceiving her current and future situation positively. Yasako is a steel chrysanthemum, because she seems easily influenced on the outside, but has a strong heart that can not be altered easily In one of Yasako’s poems, Houston proves that she has a steel core by displaying how YasakoShow MoreRelatedThe Theory Of Virtue Ethics951 Words   |  4 PagesThe function of this paper is to determine why and how three members of the cast in the videos â€Å"RPG Embedded in Soldier† made the choices they did in relation to the groups of values that are commonly found within the theory of virtue ethics. 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Impact Of Globalization On Telecommunication Industry Of India And Aus

Question: Discuss about the Impact of globalization on Telecommunication Industry of India and Australia. Answer: Introduction The report is prepared to highlight the positive and negative impact of globalization on Telecommunication Industry of India and Australia. Telecommunication has become a vital part of the communications for every economy. Some of the impacts include technology innovation, speedy information exchange, and the new way of communication. Impact of globalization on Telecommunication Industry India Positive: By the help of globalization, Indian Telecom Companys revenue has grown by 7% to US$42 billion for 2010-11 financial year and US$17 billion from the segment of telecom equipment. An increase in mobile subscribers is noticed from 37 million to over 846 million for year 2001 to 2011. Foreign investment is grown from 3% to 10% from 2005 to 2009 (India in Business, 2016). Indian Telecom Company has become private because of a contract signed by government of India with France Alcatel CIT which is merged with state-owned telecom company (ITI) to set up 5000,000 lines yearly. Moreover, market share for the private telecom has been increased from 4.7% to 79.2% for financial year 1998 to 2009. Launching of 3G services was impossible to introduce without globalization. Employment opportunity in foreign telecom companies such as Vodaphone India Ltd. and Tata Docomo has increased due to globalization. Negative: Due to globalization, intense competition takes place between the local and foreign telecom companies in India which is impossible to compete in terms of price and services for small scale companies. To earn money, students leave their studies as foreign telecom companies operate in India (The Economic Times, 2016). Per user, average revenue is declined due to pressure of intense competition. Quality of network services will be affected by increased number of operators in a market as spectrum is less available because of major competitors available in the market. Australia Positive: Increase in the users of wireless mobile broadband connections is noted by Globalization. Also, 2-3% growth is expected in number of broadband subscribers yearly. New and advanced technology is experienced by people in many ways such as LTE was first provided by Telstra telecom (IBSI World, 2016). Besides this, M2 Telecom and Macquarie Telecom recently acquired iiNet. Data demand to people was also increased as fixed data demand grew by 40% from 0.96 million terabytes (TB) to 1.3 million TB and 35 percent increase was noticed from 72 000 TB to 110 000 TB in the mobile data. Negative: Australia becomes dependent by the help of importing telecommunication technology for globalization. Telecommunication equipment is imported from other countries for high labor cost in Australia (ACCC, 2016). This results in high labor cost as living standard is high of Australian people. Also, there is generation of greediness. Conclusion It can be concluded that globalization has both negative and positive effect on telecommunication industry of India as well as Australia. Globalization has resulted in speeding up the information exchange. By the help of globalization, anybody can easily link among different areas of world. On the other hand, negative impact includes students leaving their studies to earn money in telecom sector as job availability is easy here. References Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (2016) ACCC Telecommunication Report [Online]. Available at: https://www.accc.gov.au/publications/accc-telecommunications-report (Accessed: 23 August 2016). IBSI World (2016) Telecommunications Services in Australia: Market Research Report. [Online]. Available at: https://www.ibisworld.com.au/industry/default.aspx?indid=1730 (Accessed: 23 August 2016). India in Business (2016) Telecommunications. [Online]. Available at: https://indiainbusiness.nic.in/newdesign/index.php?param=industryservices_landing/371/2 (Accessed: 23 August 2016). The Economic Times (2016) INDIAN TELECOM INDUSTRY. [Online]. Available at: https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/topic/indian-telecom-industry/news (Accessed: 23 August 2016).

A Case Study Analysis On Leadership Depth @Corus

Question: I also need a few diagrams or charts with proper referencing to support the answers case study is about the company "Corus? Answer: Introduction The managers are experiencing complex responsibilities with the increase in business competitions in the market place. With the proper leadership and managerial techniques, tools and theoretical applications leaders of multinational organizations are able to manage their workforce (Frost, 2008). The assignment focuses on the relevancy, creditability and limitations of current leadership conceptualization based on case study of multinational steel making company Corus. Critical evaluations on Leadership Depth The leadership depth provides an overall learning and knowledge on increasing the contribution, performance and productivity of the leaders with engagement of leadership equations (Eli et al. 2012). In the analysis, the leadership depth specifies the as kills, abilities and practices that is need to be learned by the managers to enhance their motivating, directing and leading abilities to the workforce. It certainly increases the conceptions of leadership equations from the leadership depth. As per the equations the individual performances, their skills, abilities and set of qualities together form a leadership capability for a sustainable development and improvement (Kim Brymer, 2011). It is evaluated that increasing the leadership depth result to increase in overall managerial performances, that enhances the workforce productivity focus and contributions. It can be said that with the engagement of leadership depth, managers indirectly increase positioning and profitability of busi ness in the market. The lack of leadership depth originates poor management, handling mentoring and leading the employees in the organizations (Ree et al. 2010). This makes impact on the business performance and indirectly hampers stakeholders relationships and needs. As per the analysis, it has assessed that the lack of leadership depth directly put a negative impact in the lack of managing and allocation of resources that reduce quality of final product. It certainly reduces the fails to meet customers estimations and expectations that are considered an important stakeholder of organisation (Levin, 2010). Lack of leadership depth originates lack of morality and motivation within the employees that demoralizes them to seek good opportunity of growth in organizations. This need of employees is assessed as important need as they considered as stakeholders of company. Decline in the performance and productivity in the business reduce the performance and manufacturing of the products, low quality engagemen t reduces the sales volume and profitability of organizations (Bush, 2010). Thus, lack of leadership depth indirectly affects the shareholders, and managers needs of revenue generations who are supposed to be internal stakeholders of company. Leadership Styles and theory The Corus or Tata Steel Europe group is under the leadership of Ratan Tata who is CEO of Tata Group has been assessed as the successful leader to convert the company as second largest steel product company in the international market place (Tatasteeleurope.com, 2015). As per the trait, followed by Ratan Tata assess end that a true leader is the individuals who have made some differences in life and contributed to make the societys life style much better with higher standard of living. In the analysis, the CEO of the company is assessed to be honest throughout his professional career to transform the company into the multinations corporation. Dependability in making proper and current business decisions while the acquisitions were made by TATA with Corus and Jaguar (Tatasteeleurope.com, 2015). Figure 1: Leadership Theories (Source: Fox, 2014, pp- 45) On the other hand, the chairpersons of General Electric, Jack Welch have helped to make the company as worlds largest conglomerate multinational company based in New York, USA. In the analysis, Jack Welch has adopted the 4 E-leadership styles that engage energy, energizer, edge and execution (Ge.com, 2015). In case of Ratan Tata, the abilities and skills been applied to motivate the employees of company are been presented from the beginning of his entrance in the company. In relations to the trait theory, there are several human behaviors, attitudes, believes and confidence level assessed to be part of the democratic leader (Adair, 2010). Thus, trait theory is most suitable for the democratic leadership style applied by Ratan Tata. In the other hand, the 4 E model of leadership style or pace setting leadership adopted by Jack Welch is more appropriate to behavioral theory of leadership. As per the analysis, the pace setting leadership style applied by former chairperson of General Electric is based on participations, contributions and behavioral approach (Gardner Cogliser, 2009). The leadership style applied by Jack Welch included working hard, motivating employees to work hard, defining the working limitations that are part of the behavioral approach. Thus, the behavioral theory of leadership has explained that leaders are made by practice hard work and focus not been born (Cavaleri Reed, 2008). Figure 2: Leadership Styles (Source: Coleman, 2012, pp- 76) Leadership trends and effects With the implication of the leaderships depth, the manager is able to evaluate and manage the workforce of business entities more proper and reliable manner (Wu, 2013). Implication of the strategic management process is one of the tools used by the leaders in organizations to engage more structured rules and regulations to be followed (Bush, 2012). Thus, as per the assessment, in the multinational steel making company of United Kingdome Corus, the management organizes the strategic procedure in five major stages. As the company organized in 1999, TATA group to make some organisational changes wows it. In the first step, the managers set goals and objectives to be achieved. Analysis of the goals and objectives are made to allocation of the required resources leadership strategy formations, evaluations and controlling the strategic implication. There is different strategic benchmarking that can be formed to enhance good leadership capabilities (Conger Riggio, 2012). Relationship communication and motivational skills are another attributes that enhance knowledge and learning of attempting and completing the job more dignified manner. Increasing the self-motivations provides more support and confidence to complete the job in proper manner. There are certain steps that can be engaged to form a good leadership capability; these stag es are formed as strategic capabilities. In the analysis, based on the principles and tactics adopted by two dignified business leaders there are some of the capabilities and strategic skills need to be developed for enhancing the job performances (Lumby Coleman, 2010). Organizing a clear vision on the aim and objectives to be achieved, increase in the passion and interest of achieving the particular target. Following a role model and creating confidence level to go with allocate resources for achieving the goal, increasing the communication skills to enhance knowledge and positive attitude towards reach the goal and objective been framed to achieve (Archard, 2013). In the analysis these are some of the capabilities such as motivation, passions, visions, confidence, self motivation communicational skills to create proper bench marketing strategic capabilities to improve individuals leadership skills. Figure 3: Strategic capabilities in leadership (Source: Bush, 2013, pp- 42) leadership trends and their negative impact As per the case study, the Corus is defined to make an organizational change, thus with the engagement of leadership abilities and benchmarking strategies. As per the evaluations the leadership capabilities provides opportunity to make a push to the individuals achieving their organizational objectives in more specified and reliable manner (Rayner Adam-Smith, 2009). The change strategic approach applied in Corus includes proper leadership equation includes skill capabilities and abilities of doing more qualitative job results to leadership capability that forms better individual performance and productivity. As per the evaluations, Jack Welch was most hardworking, energized and motivational leaders at the time operating in the general electric. In the year of 2001, he has resigned from the position although his practices, morals, motivational quotations and strategic attributes are still applied and adopted in the real business world (Ge.com, 2015). As per the analysis and evaluations, the discussion on traits and leadership trends defined of Ratan Tata under whom the operations of Corus is been made. In the other hand the former chairmen of General Electric Jack Welch has evaluated who adopted 4 E model of leadership trend or assessed as pace setting leadership style. As per the analysis, it is necessary to be organized and planned for every activity in the business so that every action can be taken in qualitative and effective manner. The trait theory of leadership is one of the leadership trend that describes the democratize leadership style adopted by Ratan Tata. In the theory it has evaluated that the individuals inherently engages some of the leadership styles with them (O'Leary, 2013). As per the evaluations, some of the abilities and skills are with the individuals themselves such as negations, motivation, honesty the individuals are need to identify and practices them In relations to enhance the job performance, the Focus and confidence is most reliable capability that helps to increase the job performances. It enhances the determinations towards a particular task to be achieved by employees commonly used by leaders (Bubb Earley, 2007). However, there is one limitation that is leadership skills increase the job performance but unable to provide interest and passion. It is not based on certain mindset to on psychological or emotional attributes. Conclusion The study engages critical analysis and evaluations on the leadership styles, approaches, theories and strategic techniques for enhancing performance and productivity of the employees. Based on the case study of Corus that is now known as Tata Europe Group, the leadership styles of two dignified leaders have been discussed. As per the analysis of leadership styles adopted, provides proper evaluations of capabilities to be involved to improve skills and abilities for increasing job performance of business individuals. Reference Books Adair, J. (2010) Strategic Leadership: How to Think Plan Strategically Provide Direction. 5th ed. London: Kogan Page. Bubb, S., Earley, P. (2007). Leading managing continuing professional development. Los Angeles, CA: Paul Chapman Pub. Conger, J. A. Riggio, R. E. (2012) The Practice of Leadership: Developing the Next Generation of Leaders, 2nd ed. Oxford: Butterworth Heinemann. Frost, D. (2008). Teacher leadership: values voice. School Leadership Management, 28(4), 337-352 Rayner, C., Adam-Smith, D. (2009). Managing leading people. London: Chartered Institute of Personnel Development. Ree, G., French, R., Rayner, C. (2010). Leading, managing developing people. London: Chartered Institute of Personnel Development. Source: Ulrich, D., Zenger, J., Smallwood, N. (2013). Results-based leadership. Harvard Business Press. Wu, B. (2013). New theory on leadership management science. [Oxford]: Chartridge Books Oxford. Journals Archard, N. (2013). Adolescent Leadership: The Female Voice. Educational Management Administration Leadership, 41(3), 336-351. Bush, T. (2010). Accelerating Leadership Development. Educational Management Administration Leadership, 38(2), 147-148. Bush, T. (2012). Enhancing Leadership Density through Teamwork. Educational Management Administration Leadership, 40(6), 649-652. Bush, T. (2013). Leadership in Early Childhood Education. Educational Management Administration Leadership, 41(1), 3-4. Cavaleri, S., Reed, F. (2008). Leading dynamically complex projects. International Journal Of Managing Projects In Business, 1(1), 71-87. Coleman, M. (2012). Leadership Diversity. Educational Management Administration Leadership, 40(5), 592-609. Fox, A. (2014). Book Review: Leading Managing People in Education. Educational Management Administration Leadership, 42(4), 593-595. Levin, B. (2010). Leadership for evidence-informed education. School Leadership Management, 30(4), 303-315. Lumby, J., Coleman, M. (2010). Leadership diversity. School Leadership Management, 30(1), 1-2. O'Leary, D. (2013). Leading, managing developing people. Action Learning: Research Practice, 10(1), 79-83. Eli, M., Ã… ¾ener, ., Aksoy, S., Alpkan, L. (2012). The Impact of Ethical Leadership Leadership Effectiveness on Employees Turnover Intention: The Mediating Role of Work Related Stress. Procedia - Social Behavioral Sciences, 58, 289297 Gardner, W. L., Cogliser, C. C. (2009) Meso-modeling of leadership: Following James G.(Jerry) Hunts lead in integrating micro- macro-perspectives of leadership. The Leadership Quarterly, 20(4), 493500 Kim, W. G., Brymer, R. A. (2011). The effects of ethical leadership on manager job satisfaction, commitment, behavioral outcomes, firm performance. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 30(4), 10201026. Websites Ge.com, (2015). Corporate Executives. Retrieved 22 January 2015, from https://www.ge.com/about-us/leadership/corporate-executives Tatasteeleurope.com, (2015). Leadership | Tata Steel in Europe. Retrieved 22 January 2015, from https://www.tatasteeleurope.com/en/about-us/leadership

Goodfellas Essays - Lucchese Crime Family, The Vario Crew

Goodfellas Goodfellas The 1990 Martin Scorsese's motion picture Goodfellas, is a classic movie about the world of organized crime. Goodfellas is based on the Nicolas Pileggi novel WISE GUY. The film starts off in New York City in the 1950's, and is on the life of a poor Irish-Italian named Henry Hill. Hill is an aspiring criminal who threw the movie, rises threw ranks of his Brooklyn neighborhood's organized crime branch, and has Henry and his family living the good life with his profits from his criminal activity, finally Henry is forced to testify against his former partners and lands Henry and his family in the FBI's Witness protection program. In his teen age years Henry starts working in a local hangout for wise guy's (members of organized crime). At first Henry is put to work, parking cars and little odd jobs for the wise guy's. After a few years things escalate into more involvement for Henry like working in an underground gamboling ring, running messages, Torching cars, and to selling stolen cigarettes. Most of his current activity is a classified as a misdemeanor, or a public order crime. When Henry ends up getting arrested, and after a light slap on the wrists, Henry earns much trust and respect and starts off on his life of crime. In his early 20's Henry and his partners, Tommy, and Jimmy set up different jobs Crowell 2 to improve there financial gain, social status and if not more importantly respect, from other individuals involved organized crime. The three ran jobs like robbing cargo trucks filled with goods from fur coats, to cigarettes, and even occasionally a shipment of shrimp and lobster's. These goods are sold illegally on the ?black Market? for a fraction of their original costs. These criminal activity starts to enhance as time moves on, with public official and police payoffs, crimes are put on the bottom of the pile or never investigated. Along with the intimidation of witness's and the common fear of two-timing organized and never being herd from again members of organized crime usually escape the long arm of the law. Henry's first big score was a robbery of an over sea's bank exchange from the Air France loading dock with the help of Tommy and the head security guard jimmy just walked out with a suit case of almost 250,000 dollars, After this Henry earns respect as a big time wise gu y. With time Henry, Tommy, and Jimmy move on to more serious crimes like Major shakedowns of business for protection and skimming a popular restaurant by unloading goods like liquor out the back door and selling them for a fraction of the price, but it was not a loss because no one was going to pay for it when the restaurant barrowed every last dime they torched the place. This was an insurance fraud crime and Arson witch are both serious felonies. When members of organized need to keep someone quiet they take care of it by making the person disappear, In the film this usually entailed a six foot pit up state. Henry, Tommy and, Jimmy took many trips up state during the course of the movie. Hit's were not an uncommon thing in the movie, like when Jimmy pulled off one of the Crowell 3 biggest robbery's in u.s. history he killed everyone involved. In most crimes vehicles are stolen to be used in illegal dealing's so no one could trace a car back to the person who committed the crime. After the criminal activity was over the car was torched or driven into the river. When Jimmy made his big score, the get away driver got drunk and forgot to dump the car, this is when people started disappearing. On a failed robbery Henry and Jimmy were pinched (arrested) on federal charges and given Ten years in a federal prison. When Henry went to prison he stated paying off the guard's to look the other way so he could sell narcotics to other inmates, and live a decent life behind bars. Henry did not live with the prison population he lived in a private cell with other mafia figures in prison on different charges, they received many privileges like being able

Families of the Forest Essays

Families of the Forest Essays Families of the Forest Essay Families of the Forest Essay ANTH 418 Final Paper This paper will be discussing the ethnography by Allen Johnson titled Families of the forest. The ethnography describes the Matsigenka people of Shimaa that live in the Peruvian Amazon. The paper will examine the Matsigenka culture, the needs and resources of the culture, and proposed projects to meet the needs of the culture. The Matsigenka of Shimaa live in isolation along river valleys and forested mountains in the Peruvian Amazon (Johnson,1999, p. 24). They live in small villages of about 7 to 25 people, that make up three to five nuclear family households (Johnson, 1999, p 3). The Matsigenka prefer to live in these hamlets and avoid interacting with people outside of their immediate family. The Matsigenka live a family level society and this helps them to avoid being exploited or to encounter enemies (Johnson, 1999, p. 6). Their isolated hamlets are very self-sufficient; â€Å"good land for horticulture is ample, however, and the low population density and widely scattered small settlements has meant only minimal competition between family groups for what wild foods do exist† (Johnson, 1999, p. 21). They live off of fishing, foraging and horticulture and the most important food to the Matsigenka is insect larvae. This provides them with protein and dietary fats, which they can get year round from moths, butterflies, beetles, bees and wasps (Johnson, 1999, p. 36). The cultural values of the Matsigenka are not to far from that of Western culture. Much of their religious beliefs are stemmed from folklore and spirits which promote proper behaviors within the group. They can be calm, quiet, gentle, but also mean, aggressive, and violent. They might be less sociable in large groups, but â€Å"they are more courteous and thoughtful in individual interactions. They are less attracted to the lure of commerce and new value systems. Their commitment to freedom of the family unit is truly remarkable† (Johnson, 1999, p. 50). The Matsigenka are a people that are at their happiest when left alone from outsiders and in their isolation. Much of their happiest in isolation stems from the fear of outsiders bringing in infectious diseases, which happened in the 1950s and 1960s when they first encountered Peruvians and Euro-Americans (Johnson, 1999, p. 75). They maintain societal standards for their hamlets that require independence and being able to live peacefully within a group. : They do not have or give proper names to one another and when they do name a person it is usually referring to a deformity or amusing incident (Johnson, 1999, p. 20). â€Å"Somehow individual men and women must be highly self-reliant, motivated to do the necessary thing according to their own judgment with little encouragement (or interference) from others, and yet at the same time be generous in the family and avoid the impulsive expressions especially of sex, aggression and greed that can shatter even the strongest interpersonal bonds in closely-cooperating family groups† (Johnson, 1999, p. 10). â€Å"Courtship is generally open and a topic of delighted conversation at large. For many couples, courtship is a more or less public expression of mutual interest as they test the possibility of marriage† (Johnson, 1999, p. 120). A married couple within the Matsigenka culture have established roles, they are partners with skills in separate areas of surviving. They seek to m arry well and make sure to not marry a lazy person. They think that this will lead to an unequal marriage and the lazy person will always be dissatisfied (Johnson, 1999, p. 121). Matsigenka husbands and wives spend much time together in evident harmony and enjoyment of each other’s company. We frequently find them sitting side by side at home, working quietly at some task, talking and laughing together. At times they become playful and giggle or wrestle erotically† (Johnson, 1999, p. 120). Anger does not play a large role in their marriages, but it does happen occasionally when there are beer feasts and the men become drunk. The men may even beat their wives who in return will runaway to the home of their brother or father. The Matsigenka understand that intercourse between a man and woman is what leads to pregnancy and that the woman always knows who the father of that infant is (Johnson, 1999, p. 78). They do practice abortions and infanticide if the child is not wanted or is believed to not be the husband’s baby. Abortions are used if the mother is a widow or already has enough young children, and it is considered the mother’s choice (Johnson, 1999, p. 82). In early childhood, â€Å"the matsigenka overtly do little to hasten a child’s development. Their style is best described as a gradual raising of expectations. They do not cajole a child to rise up and toddle toward them, but they welcome her when she does† (Johnson, 1999, p. 85). The child learns responsibility from interacting with the mother. The families feel they need to tame the willful child, so that the family can survive and multiply (Johnson, 199, p. 78). â€Å"Matsigenka siblings are close and affectionate. They spend most of their childhood in each other’s company, and interact seldom with other children. This is partly because there may be few other children around, but it is also a reflection of the nuclear-family centeredness of Matsigenka behavior† (Johnson, 1999, p. 14). Some hamlets send their children to school. The school is about an hour walk each way for most children. â€Å"The school acts as both a magnet and a repellent for Matsigenka households. Attraction to the school, for trade goods, medicines, and a general sense of security comes into conflict with many of their most basic preferences abo ut where and how to live best. It is these conflicts that account for the aversion many Matsigenkas have toward school communities† (Johnson, 1999, p. 197). When reading the ethnography by Allen Johnson there are a few specific needs that would benefit the Matsigenka people of Shimaa. When assessing the needs of the Matsigenka community it begins with gathering the information from the ethnography and then applying it to the community problems. The first need involves their drinking water and the access to it. The Matsigenka get their water from the river closest to their hamlets but because of their desire for isolation and the danger, they do not live close to the river banks. When they are in a the season of high water or Kimoariniku the trails become become muddy and make it hard to travel. During low season the â€Å"little streams that supply household needs during dry high water dry up, forcing people to lug river water in heavy, sloshing gourds up steep trails to their houses. And dry spells occur of long enough duration that crops in well-drained fields begin to wilt under the intense sun and Matsigenkas anxiously watch the skies for welcome signs of rain† (Johnson, 1999, p. 34). The second need of the Matsigenka people is a latrine. Johnson mentions in his book that a house did have a latrine but most of the people would use strips of land where brush or cane grow to defecate (Johnson, 1999, p. 207). â€Å"These are preferred areas for urination and children’s defecation. Adults are fastidious about defecation, however, and prefer whenever possible to refrain until they are at the edge of an old garden or out foraging in the forest† (Johnson, 1999, p. 207). By having effective latrines they can ensure proper sanitation, the prevention of infectious diseases, and help keep their drinking water safe and clean. The Matsigenka are disgusted by feces (itiga), not only of other people but of any animal. The feces of toddlers, not yet toilet trained, are quickly collected into a leaf and disposed of† (Johnson, 1999, p. 208). The Matsigenka do try to maintain good health but they do not have the proper tools and means to make sure they do not develop any infectious diseases. They try to locate their homes in areas where a family is not living upstream from their location, this ensures that the water will not be contaminated by urination or feces. They have standards of cleanliness to which they adhere, and they respond to injury and illness with all the tools at their command. But their technology for dealing with health threats, and particularly with infectious diseases, is of limited effectiveness† (Johnson, 1999, p. 431). Johnson notes that they do not go around with dirt all over them and smelling bad. They usually sit on the dirt floor with a mat, wash themselves daily, wash their garments daily, and wash their hands before preparing food (Johnson, 1999, p. 431). They also make sure that any waste or garbage is thrown away from their homes and in a designated area. â€Å"But efforts at hygiene are in a sense a losing battle in Shimaa. In addition to parasites, infections pass freely between members of a household or hamlet because of the continual affectionate touching and sharing between them† (Johnson, 1999, p. 434). The third need for the Matsigenka is the prevention of infanticide. â€Å"A small but significant proportion of women, again perhaps one in ten, contemplate killing their infants rather than raise them. Men may have attitudes in the matter, and may promote infanticide if they believe another man is the father, but it is primarily the woman’s decision and her action† (Johnson, 1999, p. 81). Johnson discusses that some women feel the need to kill their infant because they have been unable to stop it from crying after a few days. Not everyone in the hamlet feels that infanticide is right but most do feel that it is the mother’s choice. â€Å"The general belief is that troublesome children should be bathed in hot water, not given up on† (Johnson, 1999, p. 82). There is a need of prevention not only with the mother but also with those closest to the mother. Some of the mothers were told by others to kill their babies, either because they needed them to continue working or because a co-wife told them they cannot raise children (Johnson, 1999, p. 82). â€Å"In the difficult choices of abortion and infanticide, the mother has the ultimate say and performs the act, even when her husband or parent tries to influence her decision†(Johnson, 1999, p. 82). The final need involves the Matsigenka’s access to school and their participation in school. Education is important because it helps to increase income and knowledge which makes future generation better able to survive. Many Matsigenka people do not like the school communities because they involve being around people they do not know. â€Å"Although social relations are peaceful and courteous, in private there is a good deal of suspicion and accusation leveled against members of other hamlets† (Johnson, 1999, p. 49). Other Matsigenka school communities besides Shimaa are much more integrated, visit each other more often, and trade goods (Johnson, 1999, p. 49). This is why it would be beneficial for all members of the community to be more open and involved in the school systems. With more students attending the school there is more opportunity to have better teachers and a better education. Discussing the proposed needs of the Matsigenka cannot happen without having a proposed development project to accompany each need. The first need discussed was drinking water and the access to it. To gain better access to drinking water the Matsigenka people need manually drilled wells to help secure their water and make it more accessible. By working with the school ommunities they could work to gain donations and funding through organizations to help manually drill wells for the people. While doing this, information could be explained to the different hamlets on the importance of boiling the water to prevent infectious disease. The second need for the Matsigenka is latrines. This is an important project because it helps to prevent disease and keep peo ple healthy through proper sanitation. Many places that use latrines collect the waste and transport it out to be processed for future use as compost. With Matsigenka’s isolation and lack of roads and transport this makes this process very difficult. The project being proposed is to still use latrines but use biodegradable clay or stones to build it so that when the latrine fills up, it can still be used for farming in the future. Another possibility is to use good bacteria to help compost the human waste faster to help prevent the odor and flies from accumulating. When there is too much smell and flies people will prefer to defecate other places than the latrines. An additional way to cut down on the flies and smell is to install a type of sky light or vent that is at the top of the latrine. By building the latrine it will help sanitation and prevent water from being contaminated. While building the latrines it will be important to inform people in the community of the importance of not to defecating in the surrounding areas that they are living. To help keep infectious disease and bacteria from spreading it will be important to inform the community on the important of washing their hands after use of the latrine. The Matsigenka are already practicing good habits by avoid the areas of used for urination and defecation, so this would help in their transition to using latrines. The third proposed development project involves the prevention of infanticide. The Matsigenka people also practice abortions which are done before a child is born. This will not be a debate regarding whether or not abortion is right or wrong but rather a discussion on preventative measures to protect babies that are already born. Infanticide is usually used as a way to control the population or because of stressful parental situations. The community in Shimaa leaves the decision to the mother on whether or not to kill her infant. This is why it is important to inform the mother on etter ways to soothe a crying infant and ways to handle stresses regarding the infant. A project could be to implement awareness in the schools on how to handle infants and what are the options outside of infanticide for them and their infant. This is not a problem that could be change overnight. It may take many years of education and awareness to see the number of deaths decrease. The last proposed develo pment project is the need for more school communities and access to education. Education is incredibly powerful and when that knowledge is obtained it is something that cannot be taken away. Education for the Matsigenka people can mean opening up their communities to more opportunities to trade and increase their incomes. With more income they can afford to have stronger and more functional housing. More income can also mean better access to medicines and clinics so illnesses can be treated early. â€Å"Attraction to the school, for trade goods, medicines, and a general sense of security, comes into conflict with many of their most basic preferences about where and how to live best. It is these conflicts that account for the aversion many Matsigenkas have toward school communities† (Johnson, 1999, p. 197). The Matsigenka people fear outsiders because of their fear of illness and their history with outsiders bringing influenza to their communities. â€Å"Always a topic of conversation, news of a viral infection in the neighborhood travels quickly. Families scatter to their alternative residences. They will stay away until they believe the danger has passed and the locale is again safe† (Johnson, 1999, p. 198). This will be a hard part of the project to handle but with proper sanitation, clean water, and awareness of proper hygiene their fear of outsiders bringing infection can be lessened. The Matsigenka are unique in their want of isolation. Most communities are looking to make sellable goods or use of their land, so that they can reach more people to have the possibility of more income. With more people coming to the Amazon in search of natural gas and to exploit their resources the Matsigenka people are going to have to become more aware and take more preventative action with the outside world. This means they need more information to protect against infectious diseases and to keep their community in the changing world. References Johnson, A. , (1999). Families of the Forest. Retrieved from sscnet. ucla. edu/anthro/faculty/johnson/ethnography. html

Japan Business Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Japan Business - Term Paper Example There were  many  periods in the history of Japan, but the first period was of Prehistoric Period that began around 10,000  BC  and the inhabitants of the Japan lived by hunting, gathering, and fishing. During the post-war period, the economy of the Japan experiences the  boom  and  massive  boom  came by the Korean War. The Japan came as the crucial power in different economic spheres such as, car manufacturing, electronic and steel manufacturing. Business History Society of Japan  was prearranged  in the year 1964 (Karan, 2010). In 1989,  the economy of the Japan marked the most rapid economic growth that spurts the history of Japan as Nikkei 225  reach  to the record high of 39,000, due to the strong Yen and favourable exchange rate in comparison with dollar. Geography Mountain Islands of Japan is in the eastern coast of Asia that served as the protective barrier as mentioned in  history. The Japan has the insular nature along with the  main  terr itory  and cultural homogeneity of individuals. The country has four islands, which are: Kyushu, Honshu, Hokkaido, and Shikoku. Islands in the Japan  stretch  1100  Km  from the major islands. Tokyo is the capital of Japan that covers 13000 square kilometres. Small number of habitant has promoted  terrain. Land is reclaiming through the sea by dikes construction and drainage along with rice paddies, which is the main export of the country to other countries. Rivers in Japan are less than 300  Km, but there rapid  flow  through the mountains gave renewable and  valuable  resources such as, hydroelectric power generation. Coastal shipping around the Inland Sea compensates the lack of  navigable  river. Natural Resources The Japan has fewer natural resources such as, gold, coal, silver, and magnesium; therefore, the Japan depends over the export of its natural resources along with the energy resources and raw materials. As the country has the  large  marit ime area, the Japan is one of the first producers of the fishing products. In Japan, only 15% of the land is suitable for cultivation. Two main crops of Japan are Tea and rice; therefore, the agricultural economy of the country  is subsidized  and protected. Agriculture of the country contributes into the  GDP  and employs up to 5 % of the active population. Industrial sector of the country  is diversified  and covers steel and paper along with the highly technological products such as, biotechnology, nanotechnology, renewable energy, automobile, and robotics. The Japan is the second largest car manufacturer and ships in all over the world. Industrial sector of the country contributes into the 30% of the  GDP. Political/Legal System Political and legal  system  of the Japan presents the  complicated  picture. In one side, The Japan is the democratic  state  having the  strong  legal and civic institutions, and on the other side the country shows the cha racteristics of non-democratic systems. The Japan has the  democracy, the Liberal Democratic Party that runs the country after the World War  II. The Japan is also  bureaucratic; decisions that impact the national  policy  are taken  by the ministries having the  substantial  power  that ties with industrial and business groups. The Japan legal system is different from the Westerners. After 1986 foreign legal